Editor’s note: In August, The National Interest organized a symposium on Afghanistan one year after the U.S. withdrawal and the Taliban takeover of Kabul. We asked a variety of experts the following question: “How should the Biden administration approach Afghanistan and the Taliban government?” The following article is one of their responses: One year after the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, the international community is still facing enormous challenges in dealing with the new reality in Central Asia. The withdrawal of international military forces, and the evacuation of only a small number of the Afghans who previously collaborated with them, considerably damaged the reputation of the United States and its Western allies. The chaos of the evacuation shocked millions of people around the world and Taliban rule has not brought long-expected peace, sustainable development, and prosperity. The Taliban cannot be blamed for all the current problems facing Afghanistan given that they inherited an underdeveloped state with high rates of poverty, an over-dependence on foreign aid, and an inefficient governing apparatus. The Taliban could improve the internal security situation but it is encountering substantial problems in governing effectively. The lack of an inclusive government and respect for the rights of women are the largest disagreements between the Taliban and the majority of the international community, which so far has not officially recognized the Taliban as the legitimate government of Afghanistan. To learn from its past experience of military and political involvement in Afghanistan, Western countries should focus on the following lessons: First, nation-building should be an internal process largely unaffected by foreign intervention. Afghanistan has continually proven that there is no “blueprint approach” that works and externally orchestrated reforms are fragile. There are no ready solutions for conflict resolution and post-conflict reconstruction. Some general principles and approaches for supporting countries after the end of conflicts still apply but each case requires attention to the importance of local communities taking the lead.  Second, building a highly centralized government under the leadership of strongmen did not work. Afghanistan has a historic tradition of decentralized administration and cannot admit the establishment of personalist regimes. Oddly, the United States and its allies decided to neglect their own principles and commitment to democratic procedures. From 2001-2021, Afghanistan’s presidents were legitimized under the direct coordination and interference of external actors. Despite Kabul’s efforts to consolidate power, the central government was predominantly perceived as being manipulated by the West and lacking the necessary internal support to implement post-conflict reconciliation and development policies. This experiment in Afghanistan clearly demonstrated that an over-centralized presidential model does not guarantee security and stability. Third, the West was ignorant of how regional countries could elaborate strategies on post-conflict reconstruction in Afghanistan. The future of Afghanistan cannot be considered and assembled without significant support from its neighbors. For various reasons, the United States avoided or minimized its cooperation with several regional countries on Afghanistan issues. Countries such as Pakistan were mainly used as transit routes and to host U.S. and Western military infrastructure essential for operations in Afghanistan. All major international gatherings discussing Afghanistan happened in Europe, the United States, and Japan. All are very far from the region and have a limited understanding of local traditions, context, and history. The concerns and proposals of states next to Afghanistan were barely considered as policy options by the United States and its allies. The Biden administration is willing to engage with Afghanistan in a limited manner. However, questions remain on how to deal with the Taliban’s tough ideological approach to many policy issues. There is now an ongoing debate on whether the Taliban should be recognized by the international community. The Taliban have faced difficulties in establishing their credibility to merit cooperation with other states. What can the Biden administration do to improve the security situation in Afghanistan?  First, there is a strong lack of trust between the Taliban and the United States. Conducting any substantive negotiations under such circumstances will not be effective. Especially after the U.S. drone strike against Al Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, there are many open questions about the credibility and honesty of the Taliban. However, collaboration on a limited number of issues important to the United States and its regional partners is critical. Drug and illicit arms trafficking, transborder threats, and border security are pressing problems that cannot be solved without cooperating with the Taliban. Second, it is essential for the United States and the West to keep supporting and cooperating closely with Afghanistan’s neighbors. Despite regular exchanges between regional countries and the West, there are still many gaps in mutual understanding. Promoting development and prosperity in the region requires improving connectivity. Western countries have already found ways to regularly send humanitarian support to Afghanistan while not violating sanctions against the Taliban. Therefore, funding connectivity projects in Central Asia would invest in its security, independence, and resilience. The main attention of the United States and allies in the international coalition should be given to the problem of socio-economic reconstruction and infrastructure development within Afghanistan. Improving the living standards of the Afghan people would help support U.S. policy, reduce the Taliban’s influence, and decrease interethnic struggles. Close cooperation with regional countries would ease the burden of interacting with the Taliban. No one wants to see a new civil war in Afghanistan and the United States has an interest in working to make sure that doesn’t happen. Akram Umarov is Director of the Center for Afghanistan Studies, University of World Economy and Diplomacy. His research covers security studies, conflict management, public diplomacy and development issues in Central Asia, Afghanistan and CIS countries. Twitter: @umarov_akram

he ease with which the Taliban was able to remove the government of Ashraf Ghani from power created an illusion about the group’s power, consolidation, and readiness to take full control of the country. The international community expected the Taliban to stabilize Afghanistan and put the entire country under reliable control in order to establish sole power and eliminate security challenges such as terrorism and drug trafficking. However, the U.S. strike on Al Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri raises questions about the credibility and honesty of the movement. In the eleven months since the Taliban came to power, the group has faced a number of serious internal problems, including increased factional clashes over engagement with foreign partners, the rise of Pashtun nationalism and the exit of ethnic minorities from the movement, and its inability to stabilize the state administration system. First, almost since the moment the Taliban seized power, there have been systematic clashes within the group over its leadership, pitting the future of the movement's agenda and cooperation with the international community between various factions. In the process of distributing leading state positions, the Taliban is facing serious confrontation between various factions. Despite Mullah Baradar's past success leading the Taliban, he has been demoted to holding a subordinate post as deputy prime minister for economic affairs. At the same time, Deputy Prime Minister for Political Affairs Abdul Kabeer has wide authority and the confidence of the country's supreme leadership. As a result of the growing influence and presence in power structures of radical and ideological factions with regard to women's rights, access to education, and freedoms for the population, the new government of Afghanistan has not compromised with the international community. The group of conservatives among the Taliban is personally occupied by the leader of the movement, Sheikh Hebatullah Akhundzad; other prominent representatives include Prime Minister Mullah Hassan Akhund, Chief Justice of the Islamic Central Court Abdul Hakim Haqqani, and Mayor of Kabul Mullah Neda Mohammad Nadeem. On the other hand, more moderate leaders include Deputy Prime Minister Mullah Baradar, Mining and Oil Minister Sheikh Shahabuddin Delawar, and Deputy Foreign Minister Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai. At the same time, several influential Taliban figures, such as Interior Minister Sirajuddin Haqqani and Defense Minister Mullah Yaqoob, are trying to maneuver between these opposing camps without joining either. Second, in recent months, there has been a clear trend within the Taliban toward strengthening and significantly expanding the role of the Pashtun nationality. While the Taliban has previously been able to recruit Uzbeks, Tajiks, and Hazaras in the north and elsewhere to further its goals, the movement’s leadership is still dominated by the same radical Pashtun heads who ruled Afghanistan in the 1990s and oppose compromising on ideology and the balance of power. If the Taliban can find a formula to unite these factions, it will be able to strengthen the regime. Otherwise, this trend will weaken the group's hold on the country and may encourage some non-Pashtun groups to openly oppose the Taliban. One of the most important factors in the success of the Taliban in the summer of 2021 was the fact that Uzbek and Tajik groups joined the movement in northern Afghanistan and were able to effectively neutralize any resistance from local warlords and the armed forces of Kabul. However, in recent months, Makhdoom Alam, a Taliban commander of Uzbek origin, has been persecuted. In March, Haji Mali-Khan, the uncle of Sirajuddin Haqqani, was made deputy chief of staff of the Taliban’s armed forces to keep an eye on Kari Salahuddin Ayubi, the Tajik head of the armed forces. There has also been an increase in tensions between the movement and the Hazara ethnic minority in Afghanistan. In addition to a series of terrorist attacks directed against this ethnic group, some Hazaras collaborating with the Taliban have recently been subjected to unjustified persecution. If the movement’s leadership cannot find a way to solve ethnic problems internally, a substantial number of the non-Pashtun Taliban armed forces could join the ranks of the resistance groups or terrorist organizations based in Afghanistan. Third, despite being in power for a year, the Taliban has failed to demonstrate the ability to effectively govern the country. The Taliban, being a movement with a predominantly horizontal hierarchy, has always had a decentralized system of rule. Taliban forces on the ground acted within the framework of a single strategy approved by the leadership. However, at the same time, they had considerable autonomy in terms of choosing tactics to achieve their goals and independently determined their own operational tasks. Such an approach to management attracted a wide range of militants opposed to the government of Ashraf Ghani and helped the Taliban achieve its goals at the time. Since seizing power in August 2021, the Taliban has been trying to build a highly centralized system of government by directly appointing local chiefs from Kabul, predominantly of Pashtun origin, and creating a rigid vertical hierarchy. However, such decisions have broken the existing balance of power between local commanders and the country's top leadership. By redistributing sources of income as a result of these changes, transferring removed commanders to remote parts of the country, and filling vacant posts with Pashtuns, the Taliban has radically changed the balance of power within the movement and significantly weakened its ability to control events in the provinces. Generally speaking, in the last months, there has been a major split in various directions within the Taliban. The growing confrontation between different factions on issues related to strategy, ideology, cooperation with the outside world, and the inclusion of non-Pashtun ethnic groups in leadership positions is weakening the Taliban’s power, making a split in the movement’s ranks increasingly likely. The Taliban government faces systemic challenges under these conditions and is unlikely to overcome them in the near future. It can be expected that this discord will intensify the power struggle between the various factions of the movement. If influential external actors become disappointed with the Taliban’s inability to resolve the challenges facing the country, support for opposition forces may increase significantly. Accordingly, this may lead to a new round of a full-scale civil war based on interethnic confrontation. The Taliban, whose radical ideology and uncompromising position has been gradually moving it toward international isolation, cannot be excluded from this trajectory. However, by engaging in credible and open dialogue with the outside world, offering security guarantees to neighboring countries, cooperating in good faith on counter-terrorism, and enhancing trade relations with other states, the Taliban may be able to overcome its challenges and become a full-fledged member of the international community. Akram Umarov is Director of the Center for Afghanistan Studies, University of World Economy and Diplomacy. His research covers security studies, conflict management, public diplomacy and development issues in Central Asia, Afghanistan and CIS countries. Follow Akram on Twitter @umarov_akram.

Since ancient times, our people have been aware of the importance and value of a peaceful and prosperous life. The crowning achievement of this is the work of Alisher Navoi, who dedicated his humanistic work to the nation and all mankind. One of the main merits of the great poet is the chanting of universal human values, the promotion of goodness, benefactors, the call to all peoples to live in peace and harmony.It is also indicative that from the inside of the dome of the monument to Alisher Navoi one can read his lines: "People of the world, know: enmity is not a matter, love each other, all truth is in friendship." They demonstrate the highest goals of New Uzbekistan, consonant with the good ideas of the great poet. For example, in the Message of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev to the Oliy Majlis and the people of Uzbekistan, it is noted that we must cherish our peaceful and calm life as an invaluable, highest asset, protect it for the sake of happiness and the future of our families, children and future generations.Peace is a key condition for the confident movement of our country forward. This is especially important against the backdrop of the events taking place in the international community: the difficult geopolitical situation, the aggravating shortage of energy resources, and the growing need for food.It is in the conditions of peace that our country has achieved impressive results, namely: as a result of large-scale and effective reforms, the country's gross domestic product for the first time exceeded 80 billion dollars; in 2022 alone, eight billion dollars of foreign direct investment was attracted to the economy of Uzbekistan; the country's exports reached $19 billionObviously, all these indicators are possible only in conditions of stability. Thus, a comparative analysis of most foreign military conflicts (interstate and civil) in the period from 1990 to 2016 indicates an obvious decrease in GDP per capita (the figure reaches 64.3 percent) after the end of the conflict.According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, by mid-2022, more than 100 million people were forced to move to another place of residence due to persecution, conflict, unrest, and human rights violations. This figure is 15 percent higher than the result of the end of 2021. In other words, last year one in 77 people in the world was forced to leave their place of permanent residence, which is twice as many as a decade ago (one in 167 in 2012).According to research, out of the last 3,400 years of human history, 268 years (eight percent) were peaceful. Only in the last century, 108 million people died from wars. These negative processes do not subside even in our time.Conflicts also affect both domestic and foreign investors. Depending on the intensity of the clashes, they withdraw capital far abroad or transfer production facilities to other nearby regions.Domestic investments are most sensitive to armed conflicts, which in turn have a negative impact immediately on both financial and real investments. This is due to the fact that the stock markets and securities in the country of conflict instantly react to it, and investment in capital construction is suspended due to high risks, especially if objects are located in a war zone. At the same time, investors refrain from investing in the development of production due to uncertainty about the future.As a result, mass unemployment and horrendous inflation. In particular, within the framework of the relevant armed conflicts in Sierra Leone, the devaluation of the national currency in the first year alone amounted to 92.8 percent, in Algeria - 92.3, Serbia - 83.7, Rwanda - 76.9, Burundi - 77.6, Yemen - 70.The devaluation effect of the armed conflict is due to a complex of reasons. This is the destruction of infrastructure, the reduction in exports and foreign direct investment, the outflow of capital, including banking, the deficit in the foreign exchange market, trade blockades, the rupture of trade and economic ties, and more.The resettlement of the masses occurs as a result of both military operations and the destruction of social infrastructure, job cuts, and the destruction of businesses. In conditions of forced migration, the self-reproduction of households stops, which turns into poverty, leading to poverty. Thus, the effect of a cyclical increase in the conflict content of society arises, that is, poverty contributes to the emergence of new conflicts.On the one hand, poverty is a motivation for many people to actively participate in hostilities and use armed conflict as a means of earning money. On the other hand, the destruction of infrastructure, casualties among the civilian population, which means the loss of a breadwinner, the emergence of refugees and the displacement of citizens within the country, together turn into an increase in poverty. Thus, there is a certain cyclicity in the impact of poverty on the occurrence of clashes and its increase as a result of conflict.Therefore, it is important that, while maintaining a peaceful and calm life in the country, strengthening its independence, Uzbekistan continues the path of sustainable development at an accelerated pace. This is the main reason why the entire multinational people of the republic values ​​this priceless and highest asset.However, Uzbekistan's desire for peace and stability does not mean that we are defenseless. As noted by the head of state in the Message: "We are able to ensure the security and territorial integrity of our beloved Motherland." With well-deserved respect and pride in our country, they treat the defenders of the Motherland, who reliably ensure the inviolability of borders and peaceful life. For example, in the ranking of the armies of the world Global Firepower Index 2023, Uzbekistan ranked 62nd among 145 countries.The Address noted that in the context of ensuring peace in the country, the military-patriotic education of youth, the role of the older generation in raising children and young people, so that they grow up as harmoniously developed personalities, is of great importance.In general, emphasis is placed on ensuring that the life of every person in our country is peaceful and happy, that he is healthy, gets a good education, and ensures the well-being of his family. Azamat Seitov.Head of the sector of the Executive Committee of the Political Council of UzLiDeP,Doctor of sociological sciences.

President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, in his next Address to the Oliy Majlis and the people of Uzbekistan, set the most important task: to ensure an increase in exports of finished products by four billion dollars, which should exceed $23 billion next year. It is worth noting that among the goals of the Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan for 2022-2026 is also the increase in the volume of exports of the republic in 2026 to $30 billion. The leader of Uzbekistan proposes to implement the export policy through the development of the transport and communication sphere of Uzbekistan and Central Asia as a whole.  Promotion and implementation of the initiatives of the President put forward at international forums will allow the formation of a new architecture of transport flows in Uzbekistan and Central Asia. In this regard, it is important to deeply study the origins and the process of evolution of specific events in Uzbekistan and in the international arena in recent years, which gave impetus to the development of the transport and communication sector in the region.   An important historical event in this direction was the speech of the President at the 72nd session of the UN General Assembly on September 19, 2017, where the head of state stressed that Uzbekistan defines the Central Asian region as the main priority of its foreign policy. For this, the leader of the country proposed to discuss the fundamental problems of Central Asia at the high-level international conference “Central Asia: one past and a common future, cooperation for sustainable development and mutual prosperity”, which was held in November of the same year in Samarkand. Speaking at the forum, the President once again announced his intention to turn Central Asia into a stable, economically developed and prosperous region, outlining specific tasks for its implementation. Then the head of state highlighted two priority areas: development of trade and economic ties and the creation of favorable conditions for the growth of trade and the strengthening of cooperation; effective use of the transit and logistics potential of the region and the development of transport infrastructure. In order to create additional favorable conditions for further diversification of foreign trade transport corridors, increase transit potential, as well as develop the competitiveness of domestic transport and logistics companies in foreign and domestic markets, on December 2, 2017, the Presidential Decree “On measures to improve transport infrastructure and diversify foreign trade routes” was adopted transportation of goods for 2018-2022”. The document approved the Comprehensive Program for Improving the Transport Infrastructure and Diversifying Foreign Trade Routes for the Transportation of Goods for 2018-2022. Within its framework, systematic work was carried out to improve the bilateral legal framework and the practical implementation of international agreements,         As priority areas for interaction between the countries of Central Asia, the President of Uzbekistan proposes the search for new reserves and effective mechanisms for expanding effective regional cooperation, noting the importance of developing specific partnership programs in trade, economic, transport and communication areas. In this matter, the priority should be the implementation of transport and communication projects that will connect Central Asia with the largest seaports and world markets.    This initiative was implemented, and already in September 2018, Tashkent hosted a high-level international conference “Central Asia in the system of international transport corridors: strategic prospects and unrealized opportunities”. More than 500 specialists from 37 countries of the world and representatives of 25 international organizations, financial institutions and leading transport companies took part in its work. Taking into account the scale of the tasks to eliminate the problems facing the Central Asian states in the development and modernization of the region's transport system, the parties expressed interest in adopting a regional program for the development of transport communications. Besides,    Transport and communication cooperation between the countries of Central Asia is also being activated within the framework of the SCO. To expand mutually beneficial trade between the member states of the association, create new and improve existing transport and logistics infrastructures, the President of Uzbekistan put forward a number of initiatives aimed at consolidating the efforts of the SCO in the transport sector. The proposals of the head of state are widely supported. A vivid example of this is the approval during the meeting of the Council of Heads of Government of the SCO states in Tashkent in November 2019 of the Concept of interaction between the railway administrations of the SCO member states, developed at the initiative of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev.  In order to increase the transport and logistics potential of the country, the institutional and regulatory framework is being strengthened. In particular, by the Decree of the Head of State dated February 1, 2019, the Ministry of Transport was established, which is defined as a government body for the development and implementation of a unified state policy in the field of development of road, rail, air, river transport, metro, as well as road facilities.  In his Address to the Oliy Majlis on January 24, 2020, the President focused on the need to develop the transport sector, emphasizing that this is important for the timely delivery of our products to domestic and foreign markets, as well as reducing its cost. Almost a year later, in an Address dated December 29, 2020, the leader of Uzbekistan announced that the first practical steps had been taken to implement the construction project of the Trans-Afghan transport corridor, which will connect Central Asia with the Indian Ocean. Its implementation, the head of state noted, will serve to ensure stability and sustainable economic development in the entire region.      The speech of the head of the country at the 75th session of the UN General Assembly on September 23, 2020, where it was noted that today the Central Asian states face an important strategic task - to ensure the deep integration of the region into the global economic, transport and transit corridors, can be called truly historic.     Speaking at the international conference “Central and South Asia: Regional Connectivity. Challenges and Opportunities” On July 16, 2021, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev proposed to create a modern, efficient and safe transport and logistics infrastructure in Central and South Asia. In his opinion, the Termez-Mazar-i-Sharif-Kabul-Peshawar railway is called upon to become a key element of the entire architecture of the interconnectedness of our regions. As the head of Uzbekistan emphasized, the construction of this railway will make it possible to fully realize the transit potential of the two regions, form the shortest route, and significantly reduce the time and cost of transporting goods. This topic was also widely discussed at the third Consultative Meeting of the Heads of State of Central Asia in Turkmenistan on August 6, 2021, where the President of Uzbekistan, speaking about common strategic interests, noted the need to effectively use the transport and transit potential of the region. At the same time, he expressed his deep conviction that the extensive and integrated transport system of our countries is capable of becoming a key transit hub on the Eurasian continent. The tasks set by the President of Uzbekistan on transport issues at international forums are reflected in the Development Strategy. Thus, Goal 36 provides for the development of a unified transport system in conjunction with all modes of transport, the creation of conditions for the possibility of daily trips on scheduled transport routes between major cities. This is the improvement of the public transport system and the development of its infrastructure in the city of Tashkent and the regions; increasing the attractiveness of intercity and suburban railway routes; development of the market for transport and logistics services and infrastructure, bringing the level of electrification of the railway infrastructure to 60 percent and the accelerated development of the road network; At a meeting of the Council of Heads of State of the SCO Member States in Samarkand on September 16, 2022, the President of Uzbekistan, speaking about the SCO Concept on strengthening interconnectedness and creating efficient transport corridors, proposed the creation of an Interregional Center for Interconnection in the city of Tashkent with the support of the UN. The leader of Uzbekistan called the signing of the trilateral Agreement on the construction of the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway as a historic event, and also called for support for another strategically important project - the construction of the Termez-Mazar-i-Sharif-Kabul-Peshawar railway corridor. According to President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the implementation of these two projects will open up great opportunities for strengthening interconnectedness, increasing mutual trade and investment,   And at a meeting of the Council of Heads of State of the Organization of Turkic States in Samarkand on November 11, 2022, the President, speaking about the Trans-Caspian International Corridor, said that Uzbekistan transports ten percent of its foreign trade cargo through this corridor. The head of state emphasized that the main attention should be paid to increasing the competitiveness of transit corridors in the region, introducing the most favorable tariffs for business, and creating a modern transport infrastructure. *** The above facts and events, specific proposals and initiatives of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev on transport and communication corridors in Uzbekistan and in the international arena show that we consistently set ourselves structural tasks to modernize the sphere, aimed at creating a new architecture of transport flows in Uzbekistan and Central Asia. To implement them, systematic fundamental and applied scientific research is needed, the result of which should be the development of strategic conceptual approaches and effective mechanisms for regional transport cooperation.      It is worth emphasizing: President Shavkat Mirziyoyev systematically puts forward new ideas and initiatives to develop transport flows and conceptualize Uzbekistan's strategy for transport corridors in the region. This also confirms that the country is comprehensively striving to develop the northern, northwestern, southern, southwestern and eastern international transport corridors, which will allow access to the markets of European countries, Turkey, Pakistan, India, China and others.    Ibrahim Mavlanov. Doctor of Economic Sciences.